New Social Security Identity Verification Rule: Are You Affected?
The Social Security Administration (SSA) has announced that effective April 14, some individuals who want to claim Social Security benefits or change their direct deposit account information will need to visit a local Social Security field office to prove their identity in person.
According to the SSA, stronger identity verification procedures are needed to prevent fraud. The new rule is already causing confusion, in part because of its hasty rollout, so here are answers to some common questions and links to official SSA information.
Who will need to visit a Social Security office to verify their identity?
This new rule only affects people who don’t have or can’t use their personal my Social Security account. If you already have a my Social Security account, you can continue to file new benefit claims, set up direct deposit, or make direct deposit changes online — you will not need to visit an office.
You must visit an office to verify your identity if you do not have a my Social Security account and you are:
- Applying for retirement, survivor, spousal, or dependent child benefits
- Changing direct deposit information for any type of benefit
- Receiving benefit payments by paper check and need to change your mailing address
You don’t need to visit an office to verify your identity if you are applying for Medicare, Social Security disability benefits, or Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits — these are exempt from the new rule, and you can complete the process by phone.
If you’re already receiving benefits and don’t need to change direct deposit information, you will not have to contact the SSA either online or in person to verify your identity. According to the SSA, “People will continue to receive their benefits and on schedule to the bank account information in Social Security’s records without needing to prove identity.”1 There’s also no need to visit an office to verify your identity if you are not yet receiving benefits.
The SSA also announced that requests for direct deposit changes (whether made online or in person) will be processed within one business day. Prior to this, online direct deposit changes were held for 30 days.
What if you don’t have a my Social Security account?
You can create an account at any time on the SSA website, ssa.gov/myaccount. A my Social Security account is free and gives you online access to SSA tools and services. For example, you can request a replacement Social Security card, view your Social Security statement that includes your earnings record and future benefit estimates, apply for new benefits and set up direct deposit, or manage your current benefits and change your direct deposit instructions.
To start the sign-up process, you will be prompted to create an account with one of two credential service providers, Login.gov or ID.me. These services meet the U.S. government’s identity proofing and authentication requirements and help the SSA securely verify your identity online, so you won’t need to prove your identity at an SSA office. You can also use your existing Login.gov or ID.me credentials if you have already signed up with one of these providers elsewhere.
If you’re unable or unwilling to create a my Social Security account, you can call the SSA and start a benefits claim; however, if you’re filing an application for retirement, survivor, spousal, or dependent child benefits, your request can’t be completed until your identity is verified in person. You may also start a direct deposit change by phone and then visit an office to complete the identity verification step. You can find your local SSA office by using the Social Security Office Locator at ssa.gov.
To complete your transaction in one step, the SSA recommends scheduling an in-person appointment by calling the SSA at (800) 772-1213. However, you may face delays. According to SSA data (through February), only 44% of benefit claim appointments are scheduled within 28 days, and the average time you’ll wait on hold to speak to a representative (in English) is 1 hour and 28 minutes, though you can request a callback (74% of callers do).2 These wait times will vary, but are likely to get worse as the influx of calls increases and the SSA experiences staffing cuts.
What if your Social Security account was created before September 18, 2021?
Last July, the SSA announced that anyone who created a my Social Security account with a username and password before September 18, 2021, would need to begin using either Login.gov or ID.me to continue to access a my Social Security account. If you haven’t already completed the transition, you can find instructions at ssa.gov/myaccount.
How can you help protect yourself against scams?
Scammers may take advantage of confusion over this new rule by posing as SSA representatives and asking individuals to verify their identity to continue receiving benefits. Be extremely careful if you receive an unsolicited call, text, email, or social media message claiming to be from the SSA or the Office of the Inspector General.
Although SSA representatives may occasionally contact beneficiaries by phone for legitimate business purposes, they will never contact you by text message or social media. Representatives will never threaten you, pressure you to take immediate action (including sharing personal information), ask you to send money, or say they need to suspend your Social Security number. Familiarize yourself with signs of a Social Security-related scam by visiting ssa.gov/scam.
1–2) SSA.gov, 2025
Tariff Turmoil or Economic Signal? The Makings of a Stock Market Correction
The S&P 500 Index landed in correction territory after a swift three-week drop of more than 10% from its February 19 record high. The NASDAQ index suffered an official correction a week earlier, having fallen over several months from its most recent peak in December 2024.1
President Trump’s rapid, on-and-off implementation of tariffs and the escalating trade war it sparked unsettled the financial markets. Meanwhile, the U.S. economy, which had appeared to be pulling off a soft landing, began to flash warning signs.2
Tariffs taking effect
A tariff is a tax on imported goods that is used to help protect domestic industries from foreign competition, raise revenue, or as a tool in trade negotiations. Tariffs are a key component of the president’s trademark America First policy, as they are intended to incentivize businesses to produce goods in the United States.
New 20% tariffs on imported goods from China (now totaling about 30%) have already taken effect, along with a 25% tariff on all imported steel and aluminum. Threatened 25% tariffs on imports from Mexico and Canada were paused until April, which is when a round of reciprocal tariffs on specific U.S. trading partners could be announced.3
Canada and the European Union (EU) have responded with reciprocal tariffs on specific U.S. products, and Canadian shoppers are boycotting American-made goods.4 China imposed a retaliatory tariff of 15% on chicken, wheat, and corn and 10% on soybeans, pork, beef, and fruit, which could potentially cost U.S. farmers billions of dollars in reduced agricultural exports.5
Inflation and growth fears
If U.S. companies must pay a 25% tariff on imported goods, their actual costs may not increase by the full 25%, because a foreign exporter might lower its prices to remain competitive. Still, it could cost substantially more for U.S. manufacturers to buy widely used commodities (such as metal or lumber). The price of domestic supplies could rise as well due to less foreign competition, as would the price of products that are made in the United States from those materials.
By one estimate, the price of a new car sold in a U.S. showroom could rise by a startling $4,000 to $10,000 if threatened tariffs on Canada and Mexico take effect as scheduled.6 The National Association of Home Builders reported that tariffs could increase the cost to build a typical new home by $9,200.7
In the worst-case scenario, significant inflation could hurt consumers, reduce sales, squeeze corporate profits, and result in job losses, especially in industries that depend heavily on imports. The rising possibility of tariff-driven inflation is just one reason that some economists have started to downgrade their forecasts for economic growth.8
More cautious consumers
Measured by the Consumer Price Index, inflation slowed to 2.8% over the 12 months ending in February 2025.9 It could take time for tariff-driven price increases to show up on price tags and even longer before it would be evident in official inflation reports. Even so, the closely watched University of Michigan survey found that consumer sentiment fell sharply in March and participants expected inflation to run at 3.9% over the next five to 10 years, the highest reading in more than 30 years. This sudden decline in confidence coincided with a barrage of news about tariff actions and layoffs at federal agencies.10
Retailers, airlines, and restaurants have reported seeing a noticeable decrease in consumer demand. It appears that consumers have started to pull back, and some could be tapped out after enduring several years of higher prices. Consumer spending accounts for two-thirds of gross domestic product, so if a significant slowdown materializes, it could put the brakes on economic growth.11
Businesses under pressure
For several decades, much of the world — including the United States — supported free trade and globalization. Many companies manufacture products in other countries and/or source raw materials or components from all over the world. Reshaping complex supply chains isn’t likely to be a quick or painless task.
Some tariff threats may be dropped through negotiations, so it’s unknown which tariffs will stick for the long-term. Uncertainty may cause many businesses to hold off on capital investments and/or hiring plans until they have more clarity on tariff policies and the direction of the economy.12 Tariff-related costs that can’t be passed on to customers could cut into the earnings of publicly traded companies in upcoming quarters, a prospect that has likely triggered some of the recent market volatility.13
What’s an investor to do?
It’s natural to be concerned when the market drops, but it may help to keep in mind that investors have also benefitted from two years of extraordinary gains. Stocks on the S&P 500 Index provided a total return of 25% in 2024 and 26% in 2023.14
Stocks regained some losses in the days following the correction, but prices could continue to fluctuate while investors digest the potential impacts of shifting trade policies. Expecting volatility and maintaining a long-term perspective may help you avoid making snap decisions that could derail your investment strategy.
The return and principal value of stocks fluctuate with changes in market conditions. Shares, when sold, may be worth more or less than their original cost. The S&P 500 Index is an unmanaged group of securities that is considered representative of the U.S. stock market in general. The performance of an unmanaged index is not indicative of the performance of any specific investment. Individuals cannot invest directly in an index. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. Actual results will vary.
1–2) The Wall Street Journal, March 17, 2025
3) Yahoo Finance, March 17, 2025
4) Business Insider, March 14, 2025
5) CNBC.com, March 12, 2025
6) The New York Times, March 14, 2025
7) National Association of Home Builders, March 17, 2025
8, 12) The San Diego Union-Tribune, March 13, 2025
9) U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
10) Yahoo Finance, March 14, 2025
11) CBSNews.com, March 17, 2025
13) Barron’s, March 17, 2025
14) Dow Jones Indices, 2025
Tariffs: How They Work and Potential Economic Effects
President Trump authorized an additional 25% tariff on all goods entering the United States from Canada and Mexico (except for a lower 10% tariff on energy resources from Canada) and an additional 10% tariff on all goods, from China on February 1, 2025. Nine days later, Trump authorized a 25% tariff on steel and aluminum, effective March 12, which strengthened and elevated tariffs levied by the first Trump administration in 2018.1 These were the opening salvos in what promises to be a period of aggressive moves that is likely to shake up the global trade environment.
A tariff is a tax on a particular class of imported goods or services that is typically designed to help protect domestic industries from foreign competition. However, the Trump administration is also using tariffs as leverage for other goals. The tariffs on Mexico and Canada — our two largest trading partners — were suspended for a month after both countries promised major initiatives to secure their U.S. borders against the flow of fentanyl and illegal immigrants.2 Despite these efforts, the tariffs went into effect on March 4. Canada quickly retaliated with 25% tariffs on about $100 billion of U.S. goods, while Mexico promised to announce retaliation measures on March 9.3
On the other hand, China — which exports some of the chemicals used to manufacture fentanyl — immediately responded to the February 1 action by raising its tariffs on selected U.S. exports by 10% to 15%.4 Trump added another 10% tariff on all Chinese goods, which also went into effect on March 4, and China shot back with new 10%–15% tariffs on U.S. agricultural goods as well as restrictions on certain U.S. companies.5
Background
Although the U.S. Constitution specifically grants Congress the power to levy tariffs (also called duties), Congress has delegated much of that authority to the President over the last 90 years. This has led to numerous trade agreements that have created a low-tariff, rules-based global trading structure, with tariffs applied on selected products. Over the past 70 years, tariffs have seldom accounted for more than 2% of federal revenue and were just 1.57% in FY 2024. Prior to the recent actions, about 70% of all foreign goods entered the United States duty-free.6
Who pays for tariffs?
Tariffs are collected by U.S. Customs and Border Protection at U.S. ports of entry. The tariff is paid by the U.S. company or individual who imports the goods. Put simply, if a U.S. company imports $1 million of foreign steel with a 25% tariff, that steel costs the company an additional $250,000 for a total of $1.25 million.
The U.S. company might then absorb all or part of the additional cost or pass it to consumers who buy products made from the steel. Alternately, the foreign steel exporter might lower its prices to maintain access to the U.S. market, in which case the U.S. company would still pay the 25% tariff, but the total price would not rise by the full 25% over the pre-tariff price.
The other factor in this equation, which is the traditional purpose of tariffs, is that the U.S. importer might buy steel from a U.S. manufacturer, thus avoiding the extra tax. The questions then are: 1) Will the U.S. manufacturer raise its price because it no longer must compete with cheaper imports? 2) Will there be enough U.S.-manufactured steel to meet demand?
Lessons from round one
There have been numerous studies of the 2018-19 tariffs, which were not as restrictive as the new program but offer some possible answers to these questions. Almost all the steel and aluminum tariff costs were passed directly to U.S. companies in the form of prices that rose by about 22% and 8%, respectively. However, many foreign producers received exemptions from the tariffs, and U.S. steel and aluminum production — which represented more than two-thirds of the U.S. market before the tariffs — grew moderately to meet demand, rising by an annual average of $2.8 billion over the period from 2018 to 2021. Even so, companies that had depended on cheaper imported metal struggled, and overall production of goods that use steel and aluminum decreased by an annual average of $3.4 billion.7
U.S. importers also bore near the full cost of the broader tariffs on Chinese goods but generally passed only part of the costs to consumers.8 However, a separate tariff on washing machines added $86 to the retail price of a washing machine and $92 to the price of a dryer, ultimately costing consumers over $1.5 billion.9 Broadly, a 2024 analysis found that the 2018–19 tariffs (many continued by the Biden administration), combined with retaliatory tariffs by other countries, reduced U.S. gross domestic product by a little more than 0.2% and cost about 169,000 full-time jobs.10
Reciprocal tariffs and de minimis suspension
Trump has also ordered a study of reciprocal tariffs, which would set tariffs based dollar-for-dollar on the tariffs each country charges on U.S. goods, as well as nontariff trade barriers. As with most issues related to tariffs, there are differing opinions on this. At best, reciprocal tariffs could lead to negotiating lower tariffs and removing barriers that prevent U.S. businesses from operating in a foreign country. At worst, they could lead to a global trade war, with ever-increasing tariffs and barriers.11
Along with the 10% tariff on Chinese goods, Trump excluded China from the de minimis provision of U.S. customs law that exempts goods valued at less than $800. This would make cheap goods from Chinese online retailers, which are often shipped directly to consumers, subject to existing tariffs plus the new 10% tariff. The exclusion was suspended on February 7 to give the U.S. Postal Service and Customs and Border Protection time to develop a plan to collect the tariffs.12 It’s unclear how this change will affect consumer prices, but processing could slow delivery times.13
Inflation
Most economists believe that tariffs cause inflation, and President Trump admitted there might be short-term price increases. The potential for tariff-driven inflation is of particular concern in the current economy; two recent surveys show a significant decline in consumer confidence due to inflation fears.14–15 The full economic impact will depend on how the tariff program plays out — how much is intended as a negotiating tool and how much turns into long-term policy. For now, it would be wise to maintain a steady course and keep an eye on further developments.
1) The White House, February 1 and 11, 2025
2) CBS News, February 3, 2025
3, 5) CNN Business, March 5, 2025
4) AP News, February 4, 2025
6) Congressional Research Service, January 31, 2025
7) U.S. International Trade Commission, May 2023
8) National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2019
9) University of Chicago, April 2019
10) Tax Foundation, February 13, 2025
11, 14) The Wall Street Journal, February 13, 2025
12) CNBC, February 7, 2025
13) AP News, February 5, 2025
15) CNN Business, February 25, 2025
Act Increases Benefits for Millions The Social Security Fairness
Under the Social Security Fairness Act signed by President Biden on January 5, 2025, almost 3 million Americans will receive a boost to their Social Security benefits.1 This bill, which had bipartisan support, restores full Social Security benefits to some public-sector employees, including teachers, law enforcement officers, firefighters, and others who have been affected by two provisions of current federal law — the Government Pension Offset (GPO) and the Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP).
Although the increased benefit amount for individuals will vary, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has estimated that eliminating the GPO will increase monthly benefits for 380,000 impacted spouses by $700 on average and by $1,190 on average for 390,000 impacted surviving spouses. Eliminating the WEP will increase monthly benefits for approximately 2.1 million impacted individuals by $360 on average. 2
Those affected will be entitled to higher benefits starting in January 2025. Individuals who received benefits in 2024 will also be entitled to back payments equal to the difference between what they received in 2024 and what they would have received without a GPO or WEP reduction.
Some background
Both the GPO and the WEP were originally intended to equalize benefits for those who receive Social Security benefits based on a job where they contributed to Social Security through payroll taxes (covered employment) and a pension from a job where Social Security payroll taxes were not withheld (noncovered employment). For decades, advocates for reform have been trying to change or repeal these provisions, arguing that they are unfair and cause financial hardship.
Enacted in 1977, the GPO has affected spouses and surviving spouses who receive pensions from a federal, state, or local government or non-U.S. employer based on noncovered employment and who also qualify for Social Security benefits based on their spouses’ work histories in covered employment. The GPO reduces Social Security spousal or widow(er) benefits by two-thirds of the amount of the pension. The reduction was intended to help ensure that the spousal and widow(er) benefits of those with covered or noncovered lifetime earnings would be about equal.
Enacted in 1983, the WEP has affected individuals who receive Social Security retirement or disability benefits based on their own covered employment (if fewer than 30 years) and a pension from noncovered employment. The Social Security benefit formula is progressive, meaning it replaces a greater share of career-average earnings for lower-paid workers than for higher-paid workers. The WEP was passed so that workers receiving pensions from noncovered employment would not receive higher benefits because the Social Security benefit formula did not count their noncovered earnings, making it appear as if they were lower-paid workers. A modified formula was implemented to figure benefits for those affected by the WEP, resulting in lower monthly Social Security benefits; the reduction was limited to half of the amount of the pension.
While advocates of the bill are cheering, opponents of the bill are concerned that repealing the GPO and the WEP will worsen the outlook for the combined Social Security trust funds. According to a CBO cost estimate, the depletion date for the combined Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) trust funds could be pushed forward about six months, potentially leading to a substantial reduction in Social Security benefits for all beneficiaries even sooner than expected, unless Congress acts to address the impending trust fund shortfall.3
What happens next?
If you’re among those affected, be aware that implementing benefit changes may take some time, according to a message from the Social Security Administration:
“At this time, the Social Security Administration is evaluating the law and how to implement it. We will provide more information on our website, ssa.gov as soon as it is available. If you are already entitled, you do not need to take any action at this time except to verify that we have your current mailing address and direct deposit information. If you are receiving a public pension and are now interested in filing for benefits, you may file online at ssa.gov or schedule an appointment.”4
The SSA notes that you can verify your current mailing address and direct deposit information online without calling or visiting a Social Security office by signing in to a personal my Social Security account or creating one on the SSA website.
1–3) Congressional Budget Office, September 2024
4) Social Security Administration, December 2024
Data for Sale: Tips to Help Protect Your Private Information
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) announced on December 3, 2024, a proposed settlement in legal action against a data broker named Mobilewalla, which was accused of using location data obtained through online advertising auctions to identify consumers by factors such as private home address and visits to health-care clinics and churches.
In an online auction, a data broker bids to place “real-time” ads for its clients on a consumer’s cell phone or other mobile device, based on consumer data shared in the auction, which typically includes a unique mobile advertising identifier (MAID) and the consumer’s location at the time of the auction. The FTC alleged that Mobilewalla retained data regardless of whether it won the auction and made no reasonable effort to determine if consumers had given permission to use their data.
According to the complaint, between January 2018 and June 2020, Mobilewalla collected more than 500 million MAID/location pairings and sold the raw data to advertisers, data brokers, and analytics firms. The company also used the data to create audience segments for their clients by processing it through virtual “geofences” around specific sites. For example, MAIDs that appeared within geographic coordinates around pregnancy centers were used to build audience segments targeting pregnant women. Other targeted sites included churches, labor offices, LGBTQ+ locations, and political or protest gatherings.
A gray area
Regulation of data brokers is a gray area, and this is the first time the FTC has alleged that obtaining consumer data from online advertising auctions for purposes other than participating in the auction is an unfair practice. On the same day the FTC released its proposed settlement, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau proposed a rule requiring data brokers who sell certain sensitive consumer information to be considered consumer reporting agencies under the Fair Credit Reporting Act, which would require them to follow more rigorous practices regarding accuracy, safeguards, and consumer access to their own data. For now, however, this rule and the FTC settlement are only proposals.
Privacy vs. convenience
Regardless of government regulations, the burden for protecting your private information falls primarily on you. Personal data is a valuable commodity, and there will always be entities, whether criminals or legitimate businesses, who want to obtain and use your personal information. Protecting your data takes work, and you may have to choose between privacy and convenience.
Basic security
Data brokers like Mobilewalla are not directly stealing data, but there are plenty of criminals who try to do that every day. A sound security strategy starts with creating a unique strong password for every site and using two-factor authorization for any site containing sensitive information. Never click on links in a text, email, or website unless you know exactly where the link is going to take you. Don’t reply to emails unless you know the sender. Criminals can “spoof” an email address by making the name appear legitimate. Check the actual email address behind the name and look carefully at logos or other content used to make a spam email look legitimate — it’s typically easy to see that it is not. For more tips on data security, see consumer.ftc.gov/articles/protect-your-personal-information-hackers-and-scammers.
Control what you reveal
Basic security measures may help protect you from criminals, but if you are like most people, you are giving away personal data every day. Here are some tips to limit what you offer.
Turn off tracking. The MAID number on your mobile device allows it to be tracked across websites. Unless you want personalized ads, there is generally no reason to allow tracking. On an iPhone or iPad, go to Settings > Privacy & Security > Tracking and turn off Allow Apps to Request to Track. This will prevent apps from tracking in the future and prompt you to revoke permission for any apps you have allowed to track. Apple also has its own targeted ad system, which you can disable at Settings > Privacy > Apple Advertising. On an Android device, go to Settings > Privacy > Ads and tap Delete Advertising ID. Or you can tap Reset Advertising ID to delete past tracking and create a new ID for future tracking.
Limit cookies and delete browser data. Cookies are small packets of data that allow a website to identify you. Some cookies are necessary, but most are not. Many websites offer an option to limit usage to functional cookies. You can set global rules for cookies in your browser and/or use private browsing mode. It’s a good idea to clear your cookies and other browser data regularly. This option can be found with browser settings, and you will typically be able to choose the type of data and timeframe to delete.
Limit geolocation data. Your phone goes where you go, so any app that has access to your location is tracking valuable private information. Some apps — such as a map or compass app — obviously need access to your location. But most apps do not. You can set location permissions for each app in your phone’s settings.
Be aware that your phone may be listening. If you use a virtual assistant app like Siri or Google Assistant, your phone must be always listening to respond to your questions and commands. Apple and Google claim that those apps only listen for that purpose, but other apps may also be listening. Review the microphone settings for all your apps. If you are really concerned, turn off your voice-activated assistant.
Do not respond to online quizzes or other online questions. They may seem like fun, but the purpose is to obtain personal information that may be used to target you.
Be careful with social media. Your social media posts and the posts you click are a prime source of information for advertisers and other profilers. Look at the settings in your social media platform(s) and limit access to your posts and your account. But remember that anything you click can probably be tracked and anything you post can probably be found.
Maximizing Your 401(k) in 2025 if You Are Dreaming of Retirement!
About 70% of U.S. private-sector workers have the option to contribute to a retirement plan such as a 401(k), 403(b), or 457(b) plan provided by an employer. Unfortunately, many of them don’t take full advantage of this tax-friendly opportunity to save for the future.1
The SECURE Act and SECURE 2.0 Act (federal legislation passed in 2019 and 2022, respectively) sought to improve Americans’ retirement security by expanding access to workplace retirement accounts and encouraging workers to save more. As a result, some older workers will be allowed to make bigger contributions to their retirement accounts in 2025.
That’s good news if you are one of the many Americans who have experienced bouts of unemployment, took time out of the workforce for caregiving, helped pay for pricey college educations for your children (or yourself), or faced other financial challenges that prevented you from saving consistently. You may have some catching up to do. And regardless of your age, the responsibility for saving enough and investing wisely for retirement is largely in your hands.
Starting out strong
The funds invested in tax-deferred retirement accounts accumulate on a tax-deferred basis, which means you don’t have to pay any required taxes until you withdraw the money. Instead, all returns are reinvested so they can continue compounding through the years. This is the main reason why young workers can really benefit from saving as much as they can, as soon as they can.
Many companies will match part of employee 401(k) contributions, so it’s a good idea to save at least enough to receive full company matches and any available profit sharing (e.g., 5% to 6% of salary). But to set yourself up for a comfortable retirement, you might elect to automatically increase your contribution rate by 1% each year (if that option is available) until you reach your desired rate, such as 10% to 15%.
Saving to the max
If you have extra income that you would like to save, keep in mind that the employee contribution limit for 401(k), 403(b), and government 457(b) plans is $23,500 in 2025, with an additional $7,500 catch-up contribution for those age 50 and older, for a total of $31,000.
New for 2025, workers age 60 to 63 can make a larger “super catch-up” contribution of $11,250 for a total of $34,750. Like all catch-up contributions, the age limit is based on age at the end of the year, so you are eligible to make the full $11,250 contribution if you turn 60 to 63 any time during 2025 (but not if you turn 64).
You might also want to find out if your employer’s plan allows special after-tax contributions. If so, consider yourself lucky because this feature is not common, especially at smaller companies.
In 2025, the combined total for salary deferrals (not including catch-up contributions), employer contributions, and employee after-tax contributions is $70,000 or 100% of compensation, whichever is less.
You generally must max out salary deferrals before you can make additional after-tax contributions. For example, if you are age 60, and you contribute the maximum $34,750 to your 401(k), and your employer contributes $15,000, you may be able to make a sizable after-tax contribution of $31,500 for a grand total of $81,250.
SIMPLE retirement plans (offered by smaller companies) operate under different rules and have lower limits: $16,500 in 2025 plus an additional $3,500 catch-up for employees age 50 and older or an additional $5,250 for employees age 60 to 63. (Certain SIMPLE plans may have higher limits.)
All these contribution and catch-up limits are indexed annually to inflation.
Choosing between traditional or Roth
Traditional (or pre-tax) contributions are deducted from your paycheck before taxes, resulting in a lower current tax bill, and withdrawals are taxed as ordinary income. Roth contributions are considered “after-tax,” so they won’t reduce the amount of current income subject to taxes, but qualified distributions down the road will be tax-free (under current law).
A Roth distribution is considered qualified if the account is held for five years and the account owner reaches age 59½, dies, or becomes disabled. (Other exceptions may apply.)
Withdrawals from pre-tax retirement accounts prior to age 59½ and nonqualified withdrawals from Roth accounts are subject to a 10% penalty on top of ordinary income taxes. However, because Roth contributions are made with after-tax dollars, they can be withdrawn at any time without tax consequences.
When deciding between traditional and Roth contributions, think about whether you are likely to benefit more from a tax break today than you would from a tax break in retirement. Specifically, if you expect to be in a higher tax bracket in retirement, Roth contributions may be more beneficial eventually.
But you should also consider that generally you will have to take taxable required minimum distributions (RMDs) from traditional accounts once you reach age 73 (or 75, depending on year of birth), whether you need the money or not. Roth accounts are not subject to RMDs during your lifetime, which can make them useful for estate planning purposes. This also provides flexibility to make withdrawals only when necessary and could help you avoid unwanted taxes or Medicare surcharges.
Splitting your contributions between traditional and Roth accounts could help create a wider range of future options.
Lastly, there’s another new rule that could impact your contribution decisions over the coming years. Starting in 2026, all your catch-up contributions would have to be Roth contributions if you earned more than $145,000 during the previous year.
1) U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024
College Costs for 2024-2025 March Higher
Every year, the College Board releases new college cost data and trends in its annual report. The figures published are average costs for public in-state, public out-of-state, and private colleges based on a survey of approximately 4,000 colleges across the country.
Over the past 20 years, average costs for tuition, fees, housing, and food has increased 32% at public colleges and 27% at private colleges over and above increases in the Consumer Price Index, straining the budgets of many families and leading to widespread student debt.
Here are cost highlights for the 2024–2025 year. (“Total cost of attendance” includes direct billed costs for tuition, fees, housing, and food, plus indirect costs for books, transportation, and personal expenses.)
Public four-year: in-state
- Tuition and fees increased 2.7% to $11,610
- Housing and food increased 4.2% to $13,310
- Total cost of attendance: $29,910
Public four-year: out-of-state
- Tuition and fees increased 3.2% to $30,780
- Housing and food increased 4.2% to $13,310 (same as in-state)
- Total cost of attendance: $49,080
Private four-year
- Tuition and fees increased 3.9% to $43,350
- Housing and food increased 4.1% to $15,250
- Total cost of attendance: $62,990
Sticker price vs. net price
The College Board’s cost figures are based on published college sticker prices. But many families don’t pay the full sticker price. A net price calculator, available on every college website, can help families see what they might pay beyond a college’s sticker price. It can be a very useful tool for students who are currently researching and/or applying to colleges.
A net price calculator provides an estimate of how much grant aid a student might be eligible for at a particular college based on the student’s financial information and academic record, giving families an estimate of what their out-of-pocket cost — or net price — will be. The results aren’t a guarantee of grant aid, but they are meant to give as accurate a picture as possible.
Federal student loans: interest rates and legal challenges to SAVE Plan
To finance college, many families take out student loans to supplement their savings and income. Federal student loan interest rates for the 2024–2025 school year are the highest they’ve been in years: 6.53% for undergraduate Direct Loans (up from 5.50% the previous year), 8.08% for graduate Direct Loans (up from 7.05%), and 9.08% for graduate and parent Direct PLUS Loans (up from 8.05%).
Regarding loan repayment, federal student loan repayment resumed in October 2023 for millions of borrowers after almost three-and-a-half years of payment pauses due to the pandemic. Around the same time, the Department of Education launched a generous new income-driven repayment plan called Saving on a Valuable Education, or SAVE. The SAVE Plan included multiple new benefits for borrowers, including monthly payments capped at 5% of discretionary income for undergraduate loans and at 10% of discretionary income for graduate loans.
After the SAVE Plan was launched, it faced multiple legal challenges. In June 2024, two separate federal courts in Kansas and Missouri temporarily blocked key parts of SAVE. In response, the Department of Education placed all borrowers enrolled in SAVE into administrative forbearance, which meant borrowers weren’t required to make any payments and interest didn’t accrue. Then in August 2024, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 8th Circuit blocked SAVE in its entirety, saying the injunction would remain in place pending further order of the court or the U.S. Supreme Court. The result is that borrowers enrolled in SAVE will continue to be in limbo while the legal process plays out.
FAFSA delayed until December, again
Typically, the FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) opens on October 1 for the upcoming school year. However, for the second year in a row, the FAFSA has been delayed. The 2025–2026 FAFSA will open in December 2024.
Last year, the Department of Education launched a new, shorter FAFSA that contained several changes, including:
- A new Student Aid Index (SAI) that replaces the Expected Family Contribution (EFC) terminology
- No reduced parent contribution for parents with multiple children in college at the same time
- No requirement to report cash support and other money paid on a student’s behalf on the FAFSA, for example a monetary gift from a relative or a distribution from a grandparent-owned 529 plan
A reminder that the 2025–2026 FAFSA will rely on income information from your 2023 federal tax return (sometimes referred to as the “prior-prior year” or the “base year”). However, the FAFSA will use asset information as of the date you submit the form.
Sources: College Board, Trends in College Pricing and Student Aid 2024; U.S. Department of Education, 2024
Zombie Debt: Is It Coming for You?
Zombie debt is old and often expired debt that could be revived after being purchased by a collection agency for pennies on the dollar — or less. These “debt scavengers” have plenty of incentive to cast a wide net and take aggressive steps to collect even a small portion of the original debt.
If you are contacted by a debt collector, it could be for a debt you already repaid or don’t owe. For debts written off by creditors long ago, some records might be lost or unreliable. If you don’t remember crossing paths with the creditor, it’s possible that the debt in question belongs to someone else with a similar name or is the result of identity theft.
One example is a recent wave of zombie second mortgages threatening families with the loss of their homes. After the 2008 housing crash, many homeowners had their mortgages modified and presumed (or were told) that their second loans were forgiven. Now that home prices have risen around the nation, more investors who bought defaulted second mortgages are moving to collect those debts, even if it means foreclosing on the homes.1
Unfortunately, this is just one of the ways that zombie debt could come back to haunt you, and depending on the circumstances, you may or may not be responsible for paying it back.
More types of zombie debt
Time-barred debt. You may be contacted about a debt that is beyond the statute of limitations — the length of time during which you can legally be sued by a creditor or debt collector over an unpaid debt. These limits differ based on the type of debt and can vary widely by state, though they generally range from three to 10 years. When a debt is “time-barred,” a debt collector may still try to convince you to repay it voluntarily.
Discharged debt. This refers to debt that has been legitimately wiped out through a bankruptcy case.
Settled debt. A lower payoff on non-secured debt (such as medical or credit-card debt) might have been negotiated with the creditor in exchange for forgiveness of the remaining balance.
Beware of scare tactics
Debt collectors are not allowed to use abusive language, constant harassment, or deception to intimidate you into repaying a debt that is beyond the statute of limitations or is not actually yours — but it’s been known to happen. They might threaten to sue, even if it’s illegal to do so, then offer to leave you alone if you make a partial payment.
Don’t get tricked. In some states, making one small payment on an expired debt can reset the statute of limitations and bring it back to life. The collector could then legally pursue the entire amount. Repaying part of a debt that was never yours could be interpreted as admitting it does belong to you.
Tips for fighting off debt scavengers
How should you respond if you are contacted about a zombie debt? Don’t panic, and don’t immediately make a payment or provide any personal information. On the other hand, it might not be wise to assume it’s a scam and ignore calls or letters from a collection agency.
Start by asking for a debt validation letter, which should include information about the original creditor, the amount of the debt, and when it was incurred. Don’t say anything to a debt collector until you have a chance to research the details, verify the debt is really yours, and determine whether it falls within the statute of limitations.
If you confirm that the debt is a mistake, has already been paid, or is expired, send a letter disputing the debt within 30 days (and keep a copy for your records). If it shows up as delinquency on your credit report, you can also file a dispute with the credit agency. You are entitled to a free copy of your credit report weekly from each of the three nationwide credit agencies: Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax. Visit www.annualcreditreport.com for more information.
Sometimes a zombie debt results from a long-forgotten charge and/or a bill left behind unknowingly when moving from one place to another. If you discover that you do owe the debt and have the money, resolving the unpaid account could help protect your credit. If you can’t pay the entire amount right away, you may be able to negotiate a payment agreement.
Receiving a collection notice for a home mortgage could be a more serious and costly threat. If you are contacted by an unfamiliar lender demanding money for a second mortgage, check the title report for any encumbrances or liens attached to your property. If you find one, consider consulting an attorney to help negotiate with the lienholder or challenge the debt in court, depending on your personal situation.
1) NPR.com, May 18, 2024
Medicare Open Enrollment Kicks Off
Medicare’s Open Enrollment period began on October 15 and runs through December 7. If you are covered by Medicare, it’s time to compare your current coverage with other available options. Medicare plans can change every year, and you may want to switch to a health or prescription drug plan that better suits your needs or your budget.
During this period, you can:
- Switch from Original Medicare to a Medicare Advantage Plan, and vice versa
- Change from one Medicare Advantage Plan to a different Medicare Advantage Plan
- Change from a Medicare Advantage Plan that offers prescription drug coverage to a Medicare Advantage Plan that doesn’t offer prescription drug coverage, and vice versa
- Join a Medicare Part D drug plan, switch from one Part D plan to another, or drop your Part D coverage
Any changes made during Open Enrollment are effective as of January 1, 2025.
Original Medicare (Part A) hospital insurance and (Part B) medical insurance) is administered directly by the federal government and includes standardized premiums, deductibles, copays, and coinsurance costs.
A Medicare Advantage (Part C) Plan is an alternative to Original Medicare. Medicare Advantage Plans cover all Original Medicare services and often include prescription drug coverage and extra benefits. They are offered by private companies approved by Medicare. Premiums, deductibles, copays, and coinsurance costs vary by plan.
Medicare (Part D) drug plans, like Medicare Advantage Plans, are offered by private companies and help cover prescription drug costs.
Key changes for 2025
- Medicare Part D: As of January 1, all Medicare Part D plans will include an annual $2,000 cap on out-of-pocket on costs for prescription drugs covered by the plan. No copayment or coinsurance costs for Part D drugs will apply for the rest of the year. In addition, enrollees can opt in to a Medicare Prescription Payment Plan to pay their out-of-pocket prescription drug costs monthly rather than all at once at the pharmacy.
- Medicare Advantage: During the summer, Medicare Advantage Plans will send out a mid-year statement to enrollees that shows supplemental benefits available but unused and remind enrollees how to take advantage of them.
- Original Medicare: Starting in July, more caregivers of people with dementia who are not residing in a nursing home and are covered by Original Medicare may have access to a model program called Guiding an Improved Dementia Experience (GUIDE). This program, which initially rolled out in July 2024, provides a 24/7 support line, care coordination, referrals to community-based social services, caregiver training, and respite services. Although this program will be expanded in 2025, it won’t be available in all communities. Visit the CMS Innovation website at cms.gov to find out if a program is available in your area.
Compare your options
Start by reviewing any materials your plan has sent you. Look at the coverage offered, the costs, and the network of providers, which may be different than last year. Maybe your health has changed, or you anticipate needing medical care or new or pricier prescription drugs.
If your current plan doesn’t meet your healthcare needs or fit your budget, you can make changes. If you’re satisfied with what you currently have, you don’t have to do anything — your current coverage will continue.
If you’re interested in a Medicare Advantage Plan or a Medicare Part D drug plan, you can use the Medicare Plan Finder on medicare.gov to see which plans are available in your area and check their overall quality rating. For personalized information, you can log in or create an account to compare your plan to others and see prescription drug costs.
Get help
Determining what coverage you have now and comparing it to other Medicare plans can be confusing and complicated, but help is available. Call 1-800-MEDICARE or visit the Medicare website to use the Plan Finder and other tools that can make comparing plans easier. You can also call your State Health Insurance Assistance Program (SHIP) for free, personalized counseling. Visit shiphelp.org to find the phone number and website address for your state.
Can You Access Your Retirement Plan Money After a Disaster?
If you have been affected by Hurricane Helene, Hurricane Milton, or another recent federally declared major disaster, you may be relieved to hear that over the past few years, it has become easier to access your work-based retirement plan and IRA money. Following is a summary of the rules for qualified disaster recovery distributions and disaster-related plan loans. For more information, please contact your retirement plan or IRA Administrator.
Penalty-free distributions
Since 2019, many work-based plan participants affected by disasters have had the option to take a hardship withdrawal from their plan accounts to help recover from qualified losses. Generally, hardship withdrawals are subject to a 10% early-distribution penalty for those younger than 59½, as well as ordinary income taxes.
In 2022, the SECURE 2.0 Act ushered in a new provision allowing retirement savers to take qualified disaster recovery distributions of up to $22,000 in total, penalty-free, from their retirement accounts. Plans include (but are not limited to) 401(k) plans, 403(b) plans, 457(b) plans, and — unlike hardship withdrawals — IRAs.
The distribution must be requested within 180 days of the disaster or declaration, whichever is later. Although ordinary income taxes still apply to qualified disaster recovery distributions, account holders may spread the income, and therefore the tax obligation, over three years.1
Moreover, account holders have the option of repaying the amount distributed, in whole or in part, to any eligible retirement plan within three years, thereby avoiding or reducing the tax hit.2 (Note that if a work-sponsored plan does not accept rollovers, it is not required to accept repayments.)
An individual is qualified for a disaster recovery distribution if their primary residence is in the disaster area and the individual has suffered a disaster-related economic loss. Examples of economic loss include:
- Loss, damage to, or destruction of real or personal property from fire, flooding, looting, vandalism, theft, or wind
- Loss related to displacement from the individual’s home
- Loss of livelihood due to temporary or permanent layoff
This is not a comprehensive list; other losses may also qualify.
Although work-based plans are not required to offer qualified disaster recovery distributions, an individual may treat a distribution as such on his or her tax returns. Qualified disaster recovery distributions are reported on Form 8915-F.
Plan loans
Rather than taking a distribution and having to report it as taxable income, work-based plan participants (but not IRA account owners) may also be able to borrow from their plan accounts.
Typically, plan loans are limited to (1) the greater of 50% of the participant’s vested account balance or $10,000, or (2) $50,000, whichever is less. In addition, loans generally need to be repaid within five years. However, with respect to a qualified disaster, employers may raise the loan limit to as much as the full amount of the participant’s balance or $100,000, whichever is less (minus the amount of any outstanding loans). Employers may also extend the period for any outstanding loan payments due in the 180 days following a disaster for up to one year; the overall repayment period will adjust accordingly.
Employers are not required to offer plan loans or modify plan provisions due to a disaster.
For more information on qualified disaster recovery distributions and disaster loans, please speak with your IRA or retirement plan administrator, and consider seeking the guidance of a qualified tax professional.
For more information about disaster assistance available from the IRS, please visit www.irs.gov/newsroom/tax-relief-in-disaster-situations.
For information specific to Hurricanes Helene and Milton, please visit www.usa.gov/disasters-and-emergencies.
For general information about disaster financial assistance available from the federal government, please visit www.usa.gov/disaster-financial-help.
1) Alternatively, an individual may elect to report the entire distribution in the year it is made.
2) Taxpayers may file an amended tax return for taxes previously paid on the distribution(s).
